SS31

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide designed to selectively bind cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane. In research settings, SS-31 is studied for its effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress modulation, ATP production efficiency, and protection against mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac, skeletal muscle, and metabolic disease models. For research use only.

10MG | PHYSICIAN USE ONLY

$164.90

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Research Profile

At a Glance

Type: Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide
Also Known As: Elamipretide; Bendavia; MTP-131
Sequence: D-Arg-2’,6’-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH₂
Length: 4 amino acids
Molecular Weight: ~639.8 Da
Primary Target: Cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane
Research Focus: Mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress regulation, ATP production, cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function
Regulatory Status: Investigational; not FDA-approved; Research Use Only (RUO) outside clinical trials
Categories: Anti-Aging Research; Metabolic Research; Recovery & Repair; Hormone Research

What Research Shows

Demonstrates selective binding to cardiolipin, stabilizing mitochondrial inner membrane structure in preclinical models.
Improves mitochondrial respiration and ATP production efficiency in models of cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction.
Reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress markers in experimental systems.
Studied in heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion models, showing preservation of mitochondrial structure and function.
Investigated in age-related and metabolic dysfunction models where mitochondrial impairment is a contributing factor.

Mechanistic Notes

Cardiolipin interaction: SS-31 binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential for electron transport chain organization.
Electron transport chain stabilization: Improves coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrial membranes.
ROS modulation: Reduces excessive mitochondrial ROS production under stress conditions.
Mitochondrial structural integrity: Preserves cristae architecture and prevents cardiolipin peroxidation in injury models.
Energy metabolism enhancement: Associated with improved ATP synthesis efficiency in mitochondrial dysfunction research.

What Remains Unknown

Long-term outcomes outside controlled clinical trials
Tissue-specific variability in mitochondrial response
Optimal dosing paradigms across different disease models
Translational consistency across aging populations

Scientific References (Peer-Reviewed Only)

Selective targeting of cardiolipin by SS-31 improves mitochondrial function in cardiac models. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2011;22(8):1419-1423.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636724/

The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;24(8):1250-1261.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23801283/

Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and cardiac dysfunction: protective effects of SS-31. Circulation Research. 2011;109(4):e52-e65.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21734241/

Elamipretide improves mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle in a randomized clinical trial. Science Translational Medicine. 2019;11(486):eaaw7997.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30728229/

SS31

10MG | PHYSICIAN USE ONLY

Research Profile

At a Glance

What Research Shows

Mechanistic Notes

What Remains Unknown

Scientific References (Peer-Reviewed Only)

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